109 research outputs found
Application of Plasticity Theory to Reinforced Concrete Deep Beams
yesThis paper reviews the application of the plasticity theory to reinforced concrete deep beams. Both the truss analogy and mechanism approach were employed to predict the capacity of reinforced concrete deep beams. In addition, most current codes of practice, for example Eurocode 1992 and ACI 318-05, recommend the strut-and-tie model for designing reinforced concrete deep beams.
Compared with methods based on empirical or semi-empirical equations, the strut-and-tie model and mechanism analyses are more rational, adequately accurate and sufficiently simple for estimating the load capacity of reinforced concrete deep beams. However, there is a problem of selecting the effectiveness factor of concrete as reflected in the wide range of values reported in the literature for deep beams
Neural network modelling of RC deep beam shear strength
YesA 9 x 18 x 1 feed-forward neural network (NN) model
trained using a resilient back-propagation algorithm and
early stopping technique is constructed to predict the
shear strength of deep reinforced concrete beams. The
input layer covering geometrical and material properties
of deep beams has nine neurons, and the corresponding output is the shear strength. Training, validation and testing of the developed neural network have been
achieved using a comprehensive database compiled from
362 simple and 71 continuous deep beam specimens.
The shear strength predictions of deep beams obtained
from the developed NN are in better agreement with
test results than those determined from strut-and-tie
models. The mean and standard deviation of the ratio between predicted capacities using the NN and measured shear capacities are 1.028 and 0.154, respectively, for simple deep beams, and 1.0 and 0.122, respectively, for continuous deep beams. In addition, the
trends ascertained from parametric study using the developed NN have a consistent agreement with those observed in other experimental and analytical investigations
Butyrophilin-like 2 regulates site-specific adaptations of intestinal γδ intraepithelial lymphocytes
Tissue-resident γδ intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) orchestrate innate and adaptive immune responses to maintain intestinal epithelial barrier integrity. Epithelia-specific butyrophilin-like (Btnl) molecules induce perinatal development of distinct Vγ TCR+ IELs, however, the mechanisms that control γδ IEL maintenance within discrete intestinal segments are unclear. Here, we show that Btnl2 suppressed homeostatic proliferation of γδ IELs preferentially in the ileum. High throughput transcriptomic characterization of site-specific Btnl2-KO γδ IELs reveals that Btnl2 regulated the antimicrobial response module of ileal γδ IELs. Btnl2 deficiency shapes the TCR specificities and TCRγ/δ repertoire diversity of ileal γδ IELs. During DSS-induced colitis, Btnl2-KO mice exhibit increased inflammation and delayed mucosal repair in the colon. Collectively, these data suggest that Btnl2 fine-tunes γδ IEL frequencies and TCR specificities in response to site-specific homeostatic and inflammatory cues. Hence, Btnl-mediated targeting of γδ IEL development and maintenance may help dissect their immunological functions in intestinal diseases with segment-specific manifestations
Dimensional control and morphological transformations of supramolecular polymeric nanofibers based on cofacially-stacked planar amphiphilic platinum(II) complexes
Square-planar
platinumÂ(II) complexes often stack cofacially to
yield supramolecular fiber-like structures with interesting photophysical
properties. However, control over fiber dimensions and the resulting
colloidal stability is limited. We report the self-assembly of amphiphilic
PtÂ(II) complexes with solubilizing ancillary ligands based on polyethylene
glycol [PEG<sub><i>n</i></sub>, where <i>n</i> = 16, 12, 7]. The complex with the longest solubilizing PEG ligand, <b>Pt-PEG</b><sub><b>16</b></sub>, self-assembled to form polydisperse
one-dimensional (1D) nanofibers (diameters <5 nm). Sonication led
to short seeds which, on addition of further molecularly dissolved <b>Pt-PEG</b><sub><b>16</b></sub> complex, underwent elongation
in a “living supramolecular polymerization” process
to yield relatively uniform fibers of length up to <i>ca</i>. 400 nm. The fiber lengths were dependent on the <b>Pt-PEG</b><sub><b>16</b></sub> complex to seed mass ratio in a manner
analogous to a living covalent polymerization of molecular monomers.
Moreover, the fiber lengths were unchanged in solution after 1 week
and were therefore “static” with respect to interfiber
exchange processes on this time scale. In contrast, similarly formed
near-uniform fibers of <b>Pt-PEG</b><sub><b>12</b></sub> exhibited dynamic behavior that led to broadening of the length
distribution within 48 h. After aging for 4 weeks in solution, <b>Pt-PEG</b><sub><b>12</b></sub> fibers partially evolved
into 2D platelets. Furthermore, self-assembly of <b>Pt-PEG</b><sub><b>7</b></sub> yielded only transient fibers which rapidly
evolved into 2D platelets. On addition of further fiber-forming Pt
complex (<b>Pt-PEG</b><sub><b>16</b></sub>), the platelets
formed assemblies <i>via</i> the growth of fibers selectively
from their short edges. Our studies demonstrate that when interfiber
dynamic exchange is suppressed, dimensional control and hierarchical
structure formation are possible for supramolecular polymers through
the use of kinetically controlled seeded growth methods
Tuftsin Promotes an Anti-Inflammatory Switch and Attenuates Symptoms in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating autoimmune disease mediated by infiltration of T cells into the central nervous system after compromise of the blood-brain barrier. We have previously shown that administration of tuftsin, a macrophage/microglial activator, dramatically improves the clinical course of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a well-established animal model for MS. Tuftsin administration correlates with upregulation of the immunosuppressive Helper-2 Tcell (Th2) cytokine transcription factor GATA-3. We now show that tuftsin-mediated microglial activation results in shifting microglia to an anti-inflammatory phenotype. Moreover, the T cell phenotype is shifted towards immunoprotection after exposure to tuftsin-treated activated microglia; specifically, downregulation of pro-inflammatory Th1 responses is triggered in conjunction with upregulation of Th2-specific responses and expansion of immunosuppressive regulatory T cells (Tregs). Finally, tuftsin-shifted T cells, delivered into animals via adoptive transfer, reverse the pathology observed in mice with established EAE. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that tuftsin decreases the proinflammatory environment of EAE and may represent a therapeutic opportunity for treatment of MS
"From the moment i wake up i will use it?every day, very hour": A qualitative study on the patterns of adolescents' mobile touch screen device use from adolescent and parent perspectives
Background: The use of mobile touch screen devices, e.g. smartphones and tablet computers, has become increasingly prevalent among adolescents. However, little is known about how adolescents use these devices and potential influences on their use. Hence, this qualitative study explored adolescents' perceptions on their patterns of use and factors influencing use, and perceptions and concerns from parents. Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with adolescents (n = 36; 11 to 18 years) and their parents/caregivers (n = 28) in Singapore recruited to represent males and females across a range of ages from different socioeconomic groups. Prompts covered weekday and weekend use patterns, types of activities, perspectives on amount of use, parental control measures and concerns. Interviews were recorded and transcribed. Transcripts were coded and thematic analysis was carried out. Results: Smartphone was the most common mobile device owned and used by many of the adolescents, while only some used a tablet. Many adolescents and their parents felt that adolescents' MTSD use was high, frequent and ubiquitous, with frequent checking of device and multitasking during use. Reported influences of use included functional, personal and external influences. Some of the influences were irresistibility of mobile devices, lack of self-control, entertainment or relaxation value, and high use by peers, family and for schoolwork that contributed to high use, or school/parental control measures and lack of internet availability that limited use. Most adolescents were generally unconcerned about their use and perceived their usage as appropriate, while most parents expressed several concerns about their adolescents' use and perceived their usage as excessive. Conclusions: This study has provided rich insights into the patterns and influences of contemporary mobile device use by adolescents. Mobile device use has become an integral part of adolescents' daily routines, and was affected by several functional, personal and external influences which either facilitated or limited their use. There also seemed to be a strong inclination for adolescents to frequently check and use their mobile devices. There is an urgent need to understand the implications of these common adolescent behaviours to inform advice for wise mobile device use by adolescents
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